How does the increasing influence of NGOs in global politics affect state sovereignty - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2146 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction This discussion examines the increasing influence of NGOs in global politics and focuses specifically on the role of development NGOs and the way in which they have challenged traditional understandings of state sovereignty. The discussion focuses on development NGOs in order to understand how many such organisations have taken on roles which were traditionally seen as the preserve of the nation state, being directly involved in healthcare provision, infrastructure development and educational provision. The discussion begins with a look at the increasing importance of NGOs in international development before highlighting how this has then led to them challenging state providers in terms of influence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How does the increasing influence of NGOs in global politics affect state sovereignty?" essay for you Create order The final two sections of the discussion cast a critical eye on the issue and examine the extent to which these developments have directly challenged state sovereignty and also the extent to which this should be seen as a problem. The increased role of NGOs in development The increasing influence of NGOs in global politics is something which has taken off in the post-war years (Weber 2010). Increasingly, the trend has reached such significant proportions that international relations theorists have argued that many traditional theories of international relations such as realism are now no longer relevant in light of these increasingly important global institutions (Weber 2010). As globalisation has gathered pace, and media coverage has become ever more comprehensive the number of NGOs which now have a truly global reach has grown dramatically (Green 2008). Organisations such as Oxfam now have a comprehensive global reach and an institutional and logistical capability which makes them one of the best equipped organisations in the world (Green 2008). Both Green (2008) and Chang (2003) argue that this professionalisation of what were once small charities run largely by well-meaning volunteers (or frequently religious organisations), has fundamentally ch anged the capabilities of what these organisations are able to achieve. By logical extension, this enhanced capability therefore, gives such organisations a much greater scope and power which inevitably results in enhanced political power and relevance. A key positive is that such organisations are now able to achieve far more than was ever thought possible less than a century ago. However, the downside for some is that this power is frequently not coupled with democratic accountability and responsibility. Large scale development NGOs and state sovereignty The controversial element of large scale development NGOs in relation to state sovereignty comes on those occasions in which NGOs provide services which are traditionally seen as the role of the state. In some cases this is not controversial, for example in developing countries which have experienced a major natural disaster where immediate relief is urgently needed. However, in other cases where NGOs are involved in more long term provision of services, their impact on state sovereignty can be seen as being problematic. Perhaps the main reason for this is that they undermine the relationship between state and citizen and frequently undermine the sovereignty of political institutions (Riddel 2014). Whilst this is done with the best of immediate intentions writers such as Riddel (2014) and Houtzager (2006) have argued that the long term impact of this can be damaging both to the actual conditions in the particular country, but also to the political strength and accountability of the state. The argument goes that by taking over services which the state could provide, NGOs undermine the longer term planning and development of the state and effectively make it reliant on NGOs for service provision. Academics such as Houtzager (2006) argue that the only long term method for sustainable development, revolves around a strong and accountable state with genuine political power, and therefore NGOs which undermine this are in his view damaging to the longer term prospects for developing states. A further area in which NGOs are able to undermine state sovereignty, relates to the way in which NGOs are able to undermine the diplomatic positions of sovereign states by addressing problems or issues directly at source (Thakur 2006). For example, a nation state may invoke economic sanctions on a particular state in order to create diplomatic pressure but NGOs are able to bypass this to a certain extent by taking funds direct from citizens and using them in the way they best see fit. By remaining unaccountable to direct state power they are able to challenge the power of the state in numerous ways. Overall, it can therefore be seen that, in the vast majority of cases NGOs have never directly challenged state sovereignty but by virtue of their contribution towards a variety of issues, they have gradually eroded the role of the state in many areas. Also in some cases it can be seen that large scale NGOs have at times directly challenged the power of the state through the provision of certain services and their sheer size and capability. Broadly speaking however there is no major evidence put forward by any of the writers examined which would suggest that NGOs have directly challenged or undermined state sovereignty. Rather, the picture which emerges points to one in which state sovereignty and power is undermined by global governance institutions and large corporations, and then the gaps are plugged (or attempts are made to plug them) by myriad forms of NGO. This point is also supported by Eimer (2009). Critical Reflection The relationship between the modern political and international landscape and state sovereignty is particularly problematic. The role of supranational institutions such as the United Nations and the EU frequently make the news because of what is seen as their lack of true democratic accountability. However, the arguments made above show how NGOs are also contributing to this challenge on state sovereignty. The extent to which one sees this as a problem, is largely driven by the perspective one takes on the importance of the state as a provider of security and long term support. A key threat of such significant NGO involvement is that in huge numbers of cases the NGO in question is based in a different country to that country which it is attempting to help. This therefore, makes longer term security much harder to obtain from such involvement. However, in contrast to this view it must also be noted that the vast majority of major NGOs work closely with many governments in attempt ing to support and develop infrastructures and key provisions (for example health provision) and that the idea that they undermine sovereignty in the state is questionable. This point is highlighted by Eimer (2009) in relation to China with Eimer (2009) highlighting the fact that the Chinese government has actively encouraged growth in the voluntary and NGO sector within China and has even encouraged foreign NGOs to become involved. Eimer (2009 p.1) points out that; Officials are now actively talking up the role of charities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as they hope to harness the newfound enthusiasm amongst the Chinese for giving to charity and volunteering that has appeared since the Sichuan earthquake. Because it has little experience of its own of working with such groups, China plans to use some of Britains most famous charities as role models for their own voluntary sector. For a country with such a strong government as China to actively introduce NGOs and third sector involvement in the country shows that they do not perceive NGOs to represent a threat to sovereignty. Eimer (2009 p.1) highlights points made by Dr. Wang (the Minister in charge of NGOs in China) as directly looking towards major existing NGOs as examples of what can be achieved, arguing that; Dr. Wang is looking to Britain and charities like Save the Children, which works extensively in China, for examples of how best to boost Chinas charity sector. The way Save the Children operates is a good example for us, said Dr Wang. I think we can learn a lot from the UK. For example, the laws relating to charities, the institutions that govern charities and the way they are managed, both large charities and grassroots ones. In the past, charities played a very important role in transforming the UK into a modern society. However, it must also be acknowledged here that the Chinese government has such a strong power base that there are virtually no institutions on the planet which could challenge them. That said, it does provide some evidence that NGOs do not necessarily undermine sovereignty even where they have major involvement. Indeed, many such as Green (2008) and Chang (2003) argue that even with well-functioning democratic governments in wealthy states there are still areas in which NGOs can improve life for the majority of people without remotely undermining state sovereignty. It is certainly important to acknowledged that the way in which globalisation has changed the world is unlikely to be reversed any time soon, and there is therefore an important question to be asked as to whether NGOs themselves are to blame for declining state power, or whether or not forces such as large corporations, supranational institutions and other similar entities are more to blame. Certainly NGOs have increased their role whilst state sovereignty has undoubtedly declined but this relationship could very well be as much coincidental as it is a correlation. Giv en the evidence examined above, it would therefore, seem much more plausible to argue that NGOs have not caused a trend of declining state sovereignty but that their increased involvement in plugging important provisions gaps within many countries has undoubtedly contributed or cemented this trend in place. Fundamentally however, it can be argued that this does not represent a significant issue for the majority of states. It can therefore be argued, that the rise of NGOs has gone hand in hand with a decline in state sovereignty, particularly in some of the worlds poorest countries but that this decline in state power is unlikely to have been driven by NGOs and is much more likely to have been driven by other international forces. In many ways, the most likely outcome here is that NGOs have stepped in to fill in the gaps in provision, which have been left by the decline of state sovereignty caused by the increased power of institutions such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), I nternational Monetary Fund (IMF) and major global corporations. This is certainly the view of a number of thinkers including Peet (2003) and Stiglitz (2002). It can therefore be seen, that the evidence and arguments examined above point more to a situation in which NGOs are not directly responsible for the erosion of state sovereignty in many cases but that they have probably indirectly contributed towards it. There is certainly a problematic relationship between many NGOs and many poorer states in the sense that many NGOs have now become so powerful that they are able to support large parts of state infrastructure in many countries (Green 2008). In addition there is strong evidence that many NGOs have intervened in states and have contradicted the power of the state by introducing policies such as supporting women into jobs (unpopular in some countries) and encouraging entrepreneurial behaviour in many other states through the use of microfinance (Smith 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, it can therefore be argued, that the rise in power of NGOs has certainly coincided with declining sovereignty in many of the worlds poorest countries and indeed in some of the wealthiest as well. However, the arguments examined above show that to solely blame NGOs for this decline in sovereignty is likely to be wrong. Indeed, much of the evidence suggests that the decline in sovereignty has been pushed much more by organisations such as global corporations and particularly global governance institutions which have comprehensively challenged state power in many institutions. That said, it must also be acknowledged that many of the larger NGOs have evolved into very powerful institutions which have directly challenged state power. To the extent that this trend is likely to continue, it must therefore be acknowledged, that NGOs have contributed to a decline in state sovereignty but also that they are certainly not the root cause of this decline. References Chang, H-J. (2003). Rethinking Development Economics. London: Anthem Press. Eimer, D. (2009). China turns to British charities to plug gaps left by communist party. London: The Telegraph. [available online at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/4526715/China-turns-to-British-charities-to-plug-gaps-left-by-communist-party.html ] (accessed 21/10/2015) Green, D. (2008). From Poverty to Power. London: Oxfam. Houtzager, P (2006). Changing Paths: International Development And The New Politics Of Inclusion. Michigan:ÂÂ   University of Michigan Press. Krasner, S. (2001). Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Peet, R. (2003). Unholy trinity. Zed Books Riddel, R. (2014). Does foreign aid really work? An updated assessment. Crawford School of Public Policy: Development Policy Centre. Smith, B. (2013). Understanding Third World Politics: Theories of Political Change and Development. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Stiglitz, J. (2002). Globalisation and its discontents. London: W.W.Norton. Thakur, R. (2006). The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weber, C. (2010). International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.

The Story The Living Room - 900 Words

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Business Model Product Statement Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The respiratory system consists of the respiratory musculuss, carry oning air passages, lungs, pneumonic vasculature, and environing tissues and constructions ( Fig. 1 ) . Each plays an of import function in act uponing respiratory responses. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Model Product Statement Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Figure 1. Respiratory Anatomy ( 1 ) Lungs There are two lungs in the human thorax ; the right lung is composed of three uncomplete divisions called lobes, and the left lung has two, go forthing room for the bosom. The right lung histories for 55 % of entire gas volume and the left lung for 45 % . Lung tissue is squashy due to really little ( 200 to 300 – 10-6 m diameter in normal lungs at remainder ) gas-filled pits called air sac, which are the ultimate constructions for gas exchange. There are 250 million to 350 million air sac in the grownup lung, with a entire alveolar surface country of 50 to 100 M2s depending on the grade of lung rising prices ( 2 ) . Conducting Air passages Air is transported from the ambiance to the air sac get downing with the unwritten and rhinal pits, through the throat ( in the pharynx ) , past the glottal gap, and into the windpipe or trachea. Conduction of air Begins at the voice box, or voice box, at the entryway to the windpipe, which is a fibromuscular tubing 10 to 12 centimeter in length and 1.4 to 2.0 centimeter in diameter. At a location called the Carina, the windpipe terminates and divides into the left and right bronchial tube. Each bronchial tube has a discontinuous cartilaginous support in its wall. Muscle fibres capable of commanding air passage diameter are incorporated into the walls of the bronchial tube, every bit good as in those of air transitions closer to the air sac. Smooth musculus is present throughout the respiratory bronchiolus and alveolar canals but is absent in the last alveolar canal, which terminates in one to several air sacs. The alveolar walls are shared by other air sacs and are composed of extre mely fictile and collapsable squamous epithelial tissue cells. The bronchial tube subdivide into subbronchi, which farther subdivide into bronchioli, which further subdivide, and so on, until eventually making the alveolar degree. Each air passage is considered to ramify into two subairways. In the grownup homo there are considered to be 23 such ramifications, or coevalss, get downing at the windpipe and stoping in the air sac. Motion of gases in the respiratory airways occurs chiefly by majority flow ( convection ) throughout the part from the oral cavity to the olfactory organ to the 15th coevals. Beyond the 15th coevals, gas diffusion is comparatively more of import. With the low gas speeds that occur in diffusion, dimensions of the infinite over which diffusion occurs ( alveolar infinite ) must be little for equal O bringing into the walls ; smaller air sac are more efficient in the transportation of gas than are larger 1s ( 2 ) . Alveoluss Alveoluss are the constructions through which gases diffuse to and from the organic structure. To guarantee gas exchange occurs expeditiously, alveolar walls are highly thin. For illustration, the entire tissue thickness between the interior of the air sac to pneumonic capillary blood plasma is merely approximately 0.4 – 10-6 m. Consequently, the chief barrier to diffusion occurs at the plasma and ruddy blood cell degree, non at the alveolar membrane ( 2 ) . Motion of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the Motion Pleural Pressure Is the force per unit area of the fluid in the thin infinite between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura. Alveolar force per unit area Is the force per unit area of the air inside the lung air sac. To do inward flow of air into the air sac during inspiration, the force per unit area in the air sac must fall to a value somewhat below atmospheric force per unit area. Transpulmonary force per unit area It is the force per unit area difference between that in the air sac and that on the outer surfaces of the lungs, and it is a step of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to fall in the lungs at each blink of an eye of espiration, called the kick force per unit area. Conformity of the Lungs The extent to which the lungs will spread out for each unit addition in transpulmonary force per unit area ( if adequate clip is allowed to make equilibrium ) is called the lung conformity. The entire conformity of both lungs together in the normal grownup human being norms about 200 millilitres of air per centimetre of H2O transpulmonary force per unit area ( 3 ) . Figure 2. Conformity diagram of lungs in a healthy individual ( 3 ) . Pathophysiology of Weaning Failure Reversible aetiologies for ablactating failure can be categorized in: Respiratory burden, cardiac burden, neuromuscular competency, critical unwellness neuromuscular abnormalcies ( CIMMA ) , neuropsychological factors, and metabolic and endocrinal upsets. Respiratory burden The determination to try discontinuance of mechanical airing has mostly been based on the clinician ‘s appraisal that the patient is haemodynamically stable, wake up, the disease procedure has been treated adequately and that indices of minimum ventilator dependence are present. The success of ablactating will be dependent on the ability of the respiratory musculus pump to digest the burden placed upon it. This respiratory burden is a map of the opposition and conformity of the ventilator pump. Excess work of take a breathing ( WOB ) may be imposed by inappropriate ventilator scenes ensuing in ventilator dysynchrony ( 4 ) . Reduced pneumonic conformity may be secondary to pneumonia, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pneumonic hydrops, pneumonic fibrosis, pneumonic bleeding or other diseases doing diffuse pneumonic infiltrates ( 5 ) . Cardiac burden Many patients have identified ischemic bosom disease, valvular bosom disease, systolic or diastolic disfunction prior to, or identified during, their critical unwellness. More elusive and less easy recognized are those patients with myocardial disfunction, which is merely evident when exposed to the work load of ablactating ( 5 ) . Neuromuscular competency Liberation from mechanical airing requires the recommencement of neuromuscular activity to get the better of the electric resistance of the respiratory system, to run into metabolic demands and to keep C dioxide homeostasis. This requires an equal signal coevals in the cardinal nervous system, integral transmittal to spinal respiratory motor nerve cells, respiratory musculuss and neuromuscular junctions. Disruption of any part of this transmittal may lend to ablactating failure ( 5 ) . Critical unwellness neuromuscular abnormalcies CINMA are the most common peripheral neuromuscular upsets encountered in the ICU scene and normally affect both musculus and nervus ( 6 ) . Psychological disfunction Craze, or acute encephalon disfunction: Is a perturbation of the degree of knowledge and rousing and, in ICU patients, has been associated with many modifiable hazard factors, including: usage of psychotropic drugs ; untreated hurting ; drawn-out immobilization ; hypoxaemia ; anemia ; sepsis ; and kip want ( 7 ) . Anxiety and depression: Many patients suffer important anxiousness during their ICU stay and the procedure of ablactating from mechanical airing. These memories of hurt may stay for old ages ( 8 ) . Metabolic perturbations Hypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia all cause musculus failing. Hypothyroidism and Addison’s disease may besides lend to difficulty ablactating ( 5 ) . Nutrition Corpulence: The mechanical effects of fleshiness with reduced respiratory conformity, high shutting volume/functional residuary capacity ratio and elevated WOB might be expected to impact on the continuance of mechanical airing ( 5 ) . Ventilator-induced stop disfunction and critical unwellness oxidative emphasis Ventilator-induced stop disfunction and critical unwellness oxidative emphasis is defined as loss of diaphragm force-generating capacity that is specifically related to utilize of controlled mechanical airing ( 9 ) . Clinical Presentation of Patients Patients can be classified into three groups harmonizing to the trouble and length of the ablactation procedure. The simple ablactation, group 1, includes patients who successfully pass the initial self-generated take a breathing test ( SBT ) and are successfully extubated on the first effort. Group 2, hard ablactation, includes patients who require up to three SBT or every bit long as 7 yearss from the first SBT to accomplish successful ablactation. Group 3, prolonged ablactation, includes patients who require more than three SBT or more than 7 yearss of ablactation after the first SBT ( 5 ) . Clinical Outcomes and Epidemiology There is much grounds that ablactating tends to be delayed, exposing the patient to unneeded uncomfortableness and increased hazard of complications ( 5 ) . Time spent in the ablactation procedure represents 40-50 % of the entire continuance of mechanical airing ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . ESTEBAN et Al. ( 10 ) demonstrated that mortality additions with increasing continuance of mechanical airing, in portion because of complications of drawn-out mechanical airing, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia and airway injury ( 12 ) . The incidence of unplanned extubation ranges 0.3-16 % . In most instances ( 83 % ) , the unplanned extubation is initiated by the patient, while 17 % are inadvertent. Almost half of patients with self-extubation during the weaning period do non necessitate reintubation, proposing that many patients are maintained on mechanical airing longer than is necessary ( 5 ) . Addition in the extubation hold between readiness twenty-four hours and effectual extubation significantly increases mortality. In the survey by COPLIN et Al. ( 13 ) , mortality was 12 % if there was no hold in extubation and 27 % when extubation was delayed. Failure of extubation is associated with high mortality rate, either by choosing for bad patients or by bring oning hurtful effects such as aspiration, atelectasis and pneumonia ( 5 ) . Rate of ablactating failure after a individual SBT is reported to be 26- 42 % . Variation in the rate of ablactating failure among surveies is due to differences in the definition of ablactating failure. VALLVERDU et Al. ( 14 ) reported that ablactating failure occurred in every bit many as 61 % of COPD patients, in 41 % of neurological patients and in 38 % of hypoxaemic patients. Contradictory consequences exist sing the rate of ablactating success among neurological patients. The survey by COPLIN et Al. ( 13 ) demonstrated that 80 % of patients with a Glasgow coma mark of more than 8 and 91 % of patients with a Glasgow coma mark less than 4 were successfully extubated. In 2,486 patients from six surveies, 524 patients failed SBT and 252 failed extubation after go throughing SBT, taking to a entire w eaning failure rate of 31.2 % ( 5 ) . The huge bulk of patients who fail a SBT do so because of an instability between respiratory musculus capacity and the burden placed on the respiratory system. High air passage opposition and low respiratory system conformity contribute to the increased work of take a breathing necessary to take a breath and can take to unsuccessful release from mechanical airing ( 15 ) . Economic Impact Mechanical airing is largely used in the intensive attention units ( ICU ) of infirmaries. ICUs typically consume more than 20 % of the fiscal resources of a infirmary ( 16 ) . A survey that analyzed the incidence, cost, and payment of the Medicare intensive attention unit usage in the United States ( US ) reveled that mechanical airing costs a amount stopping point to US $ 2,200 per twenty-four hours ( 17 ) . One survey shows that patients in the ICUs having drawn-out mechanical airing represents 6 % of all ventilated patients but consume 37 % of intensive attention unit ( ICU ) resources ( 18 ) . Another survey corroborates this Numberss besides demoing that 5 % to 10 % of ICU patients require drawn-out mechanical airing, and this patient group consumes more than or every bit much as 50 % of ICU patient yearss and ICU resources. Prolonged ventilatory support and chronic ventilator dependence, both in the ICU and non-ICU scenes, have a important and turning impact on health care eco nomic sciences ( 19 ) . Drumhead Treatment Option Weaning Failure Overview The procedure of initial ablactating from the ventilator begins with an appraisal sing preparedness for ablactating. It is so followed by SBT as a diagnostic trial to find the possibility of a successful extubation. For the bulk of patients, the full ablactation procedure involves verification that the patient is ready for extubation. Patients who meet the standards in table 2 should be considered as being ready to ablactate from mechanical airing. These standards are cardinal to gauge the likeliness of a successful SBT in order to avoid tests in patients with a high chance of failure ( 5 ) . Table 2 Standards for Measuring Readiness to Wean Clinical Appraisal Adequate cough Absence of inordinate tracheobronchial secernment Resolution of disease acute stage for which the patient was intubated Objective measurings Clinical stableness Stable cardiovascular position ( i.e. fC ?140 beats*min-1, systolic BP 90-160 mmHg, no or minimum vasopressors ) Stable metabolic position Adequate oxygenation Sa, O2 A ; gt ; 90 % on ?FI, O2 0.4 ( or Pa, O2/FI, O2 ?150 mmHg ) PEEP ?8 cmH2O Adequate pneumonic map f ?35 breaths*min-1 PImax ?-20- -25 cmH2O Ve A ; lt ; 10 l*min-1 P0.1/PImax A ; lt ; 0.3 VT A ; gt ; 5 mL*kg-1 VC A ; gt ; 10 mL*kg-1 f/VT A ; lt ; 105 breaths*min-1*L-1 CROP A ; gt ; 13 ml*breaths-1*min-1 No important respiratory acidosis Adequate thinking No sedation or equal thinking on sedation ( or stable neurologic patient ) Taken from ( 5 ) and ( 15 ) . fC: cardiac frequence ; BP: blood force per unit area ; Sa, O2: arterial O impregnation ; FI, O2: inspiratory O fraction ; Pa, O2: arterial O tenseness ; PEEP: positive end-expiratory force per unit area ; degree Fahrenheit: respiratory frequence ; PImax: maximum inspiratory force per unit area ; VT: tidal volume ; VC: critical capacity ; CROP: integrative index of conformity. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. Harmonizing to an adept panel, among these standards merely seven variables have some prognostic potency: minute airing ( VE ) , maximal inspiratory force per unit area ( PImax ) , tidal volume ( VT ) , take a breathing frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) , the ratio of take a breathing frequence to tidal volume ( f/VT ) , P0.1/PImax ( ratio of airway occlusion force per unit area 0.1 s after the oncoming of inspiratory attempt to maximal inspiratory force per unit area ) , and CROP ( integrative index of conformity, rate, oxygenation, and force per unit area ) ( 20 ) . Minute Ventilation Minute airing is the entire lung airing per minute, the merchandise of tidal volume and respiration rate ( 21 ) . It is step by measuring the sum of gas expired by the patients lungs. Mathematicly, minute airing can be calculated after this expression: It is reported that a VE less than 10 litres/minute is associated with ablactating success ( 22 ) . Other surveies found that VE values more than 15-20 litres/minute are helpful in placing if a patient is improbable to be liberated from mechanical airing but lower values were non helpful in foretelling successful release ( 15 ) . A more recent survey concluded that short VE recovery times ( 3-4 proceedingss ) after a 2-hour SBT can assist in finding respiratory modesty and predict the success of extubation ( 23 ) . When mechanical airing takes topographic point, this parametric quantity is calculated monitoring flow and force per unit area by the ventilator in usage itself or by an independent device attached to the air passage circulation system such as the Respironics NM3Â ® by Phillips Medical. Other ways to find minute airing are by mensurating the electric resistance across the thoracic pit ( 24 ) . This method though, is invasive and requires deep-rooted electrodes. Maximal Inspiratory Pressure Maximal inspiration force per unit area is the maximal force per unit area within the air sac of the lungs that occurs during a full inspiration ( 21 ) . Is it normally used to prove respiratory musculus strength. On patients in the ICU or those non capable to collaborate, the PImax is measured by obstructing the terminal of the endotracheal tubing for a period of clip close to 22 seconds with a one-way valve that merely allows the patient to expire. This constellation leads to increasing inspiratory attempt mensurating PImax towards the terminal of the occlusion period. However PImax is non plenty to foretell faithfully the likelihood of successful ablactating due to low specifity ( 15 ) . The measuring of PImax can be performed by devices equipped with force per unit area detectors. Tidal Volume Tidal volume is the sum of air inhaled and exhaled during normal airing ( 21 ) . Spontaneous tidal volumes greater than 5 ml/kg can foretell ablactating result ( 25 ) . More recent surveies found that a technique that measures the sum of regularity in a series analysing approximative information of tidal volume and external respiration frequence forms is a utile index of reversibility of respiratory failure. A low approximate information that reflects regular tidal volume and respiratory frequence forms is a good index of ablactating success ( 26 ) . Tidal volume can be measured utilizing a pneumotachographic device. Breathing Frequency The grade of regularity in the form of the external respiration frequence shown by approximative information instead than the absolute value of the external respiration frequence is been proven to be utile in know aparting between ablactating success and failure ( 26 ) . The take a breathing rate or frequence is measured by numbering the external respiration rhythms per a defined period of clip. The Ratio of Breathing Frequency to Tidal Volume Yang and Tobin [ 18 ] so performed a prospective survey of 100 medical patients having mechanical airing in the ICU in which they demonstrated that the ratio of frequence to tidal volume ( rapid shoal take a breathing index ( RSBI ) ) obtained during the first 1 minute of a T-piece test and at a threshold value of ?105 breaths/minute/l was a significantly better forecaster of ablactating results However, there remains a rule defect in the RSBI: it can bring forth inordinate false positive anticipations ( that is, patients fail ablactating outcome even when RSBI is ?105 breaths/minute/l ) [ 35-36 ] Besides, the RSBI has less prognostic power in the attention of patients who need ventilatory support for more than 8 yearss and may be less utile in chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and aged patients [ 37-39 ] . The Ratio of Airway Occlusion Pressure to Maximal Inspiratory Pressure The airway occlusion force per unit area ( P0.1 ) is the force per unit area measured at the air passage opening 0.1 s after animating against an occluded air passage [ 42 ] . The P0.1 is attempt independent and correlates good with cardinal respiratory thrust. When combined with PImax, the P0.1/PImax ratio at a value of A ; lt ; 0.3 has been found to be a good early forecaster of ablactating success [ 11,43 ] and may be more utile than either P0.1 or PImax entirely. Previously, the clinical usage of P0.1/PImax has been limited by the demand of particular instrumentality at the bedside ; nevertheless, new and modern ventilators are integrating respiratory mechanics faculties that provide numerical and graphical shows of P0.1 and PImax. Air manner Resistance Crop The CROP index is an integrative index that incorporates several steps of preparedness for release from mechanical airing, such as dynamic respiratory system conformity ( Crs ) , self-generated external respiration frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) , arterial to alveolar oxygenation ( partial force per unit area of arterial O ( PaO2 ) /partial force per unit area of alveolar O ( PAO2 ) ) , and PImax in the undermentioned relationship: CROP = [ Crs – PImax – ( PaO2/PAO2 ) ] /f where: PAO2 = ( PB-47 ) – FiO2 – PaCO2/0.85 and PB is barometric force per unit area. The CROP index assesses the relationship between the demands placed on the respiratory system and the ability of the respiratory musculuss to manage them [ 18 ] . Yang and Tobin [ 18 ] reported that a CROP value A ; gt ; 13 ml/breaths/minute offers a moderately accurate forecaster of ablactating mechanical airing result. In 81 COPD patients, Alvisi and co-workers [ 39 ] showed that a CROP index at a threshold value of A ; gt ; 16 ml/breaths/minute is a good forecaster of ablactating result. However, one disadvantage of the CROP index is that it is slightly cumbrous to utilize in the clinical scene as it requires measurings of many variables with the possible hazard of mistakes in the measuring techniques or the measuring device, which can significantly impact the value of the CROP index. Clinical Treatment Profiles CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS How to cite Business Model Product Statement Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Labor Market of Singapore-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Recent Trend in the Graduate Labor Market in the Global Scenario along with Identifying the Opportunities and Threat. Answer: In the current business scenario, more and more job opportunities are being created along with increase in the rate of unemployment. Though the increase of unemployment and job opportunities at the same time is quite contradictory, but the current trend is showing the same. There are various reasons behind this phenomenon such as aging population, rapid change in the technology, lack of training and development programs for the employees and difference in the knowledge domain of the would be employees and the corporate requirements (Ayres, 2013). Moreover, in the present era of globalization, inflow of the foreign and updated technologies is more, which further makes the existing graduates to cope up with the change in the technology. This essay will discuss about the recent trend in the graduate labor market in the global scenario along with identifying the opportunities and threat. Moreover, the impact of the factors such as inflow of the foreign technologies and aging population on the operation of the contemporary business organizations will also be discussed in this essay. Trend in graduate labor market of Singapore In the recent times, the growth rate of graduate employment in Singapore is going down drastically. According to the various reports, graduate unemployment is the all time highest in Singapore in 2016 (LOH, 2017). It is being reported that Singapore is having increasing rate of unemployment among the degree holders is rapidly increasing and it showed the highest rate in 2016 with having the most layoffs. The current rate of unemployment is 2.1 percent, which is the all time highest for Singapore in the last few years (Morrison, 2014). Figure: 1 Source: (Seow, 2017) From the above figures, it is being seen that, the employment growth is rapidly reducing from the last 17 years. Moreover, local employment growth is much lower compared to the foreign employment growth. Thus, the recent trend of graduate labor market is not favorable due to various reasons. The followings sections will discuss about the reasons of the increase in the rate of the unemployment among the graduates. Opportunities From the recent trend of the graduate labor market, the maximum opportunities will be gained by the business organizations. This is due to the fact that, the rate of increase in the graduate employees is more compared to a decade ago. Thus, business organizations are having more options during their recruitment process (Green Henseke, 2014). The available talent pool is more for them. In addition, in the current scenario, graduates employees are not from single field or sector rather they are from diversified sectors. Thus, it is also beneficial for the business organizations to have more options to meet the diversified organizational requirements. Employees are also having opportunities by having more career options compared to the non-graduates. Though, in the above discussion, it is been seen that, employment opportunities are reducing, however, the existing career opportunities will have more preferences for the graduates. This is due to the reason that, the graduates will have more domain knowledge, experiences and trained to meet the organizational requirement (Verhagen et al., 2012). Moreover, it is also helpful for the organizations to have the well trained and knowledgeable employees in board. Threat Apart from the identified opportunities, there are various threats that can get emerged from the recent trend in graduate labor market. One of the key threats for the business organizations is the increase in the rate of employee turnover. This is due to the reason that, the more educated and skilled will be the employees, the more they will be prone to change their existing organization for better opportunities. Thus, this will in turn increase the cost for the organizations. The cost will get increase due to the reason that, the more will be the employee turnover in the organization, the more will be the cost of training and development for the new employees (Hancock et al., 2013). Moreover, due to the high rate of turnover, employees will have less motivation to enhance their organizational citizenship. Thus, due to the emergence of huge number of graduate employees, organizations will have multiple challenges to face. Another key threat that they will face is the lack of the suitable employees and loss of opportunity cost. This is due to the reason that, in the current scenario, huge amount of graduate employees are there for jobs. However, according to various reports, there are only few those who actually suitable for the business corporate. Thus, it is challenge for the business organizations to choose the right and eligible candidate from the huge talent pool. Employees will also face from the threat from the current scenario of graduate labor market. This is due to the reason that, the more employees will be graduated, the less will be chance of being employed in the organizations. Job opportunities are not increasing at similar rate of increase in the graduate employees. Thus, there will a huge gap between the supply and demand of employees. With the existing job availability, a good number of graduate employees will fail to have job (Tewell, 2012). Moreover, another threat that they will face is the higher risk of attrition. This is due to the reason that, if the business organizations are having more number of options to replace any existing employees, they will less likely to rectify the particular employee in case of any mishaps. Rather they will terminate and replace with another employee. Thus, the employees will face the threat of termination at any point of time. Influx of foreign talent Inflow of the foreign talent will have both merits as well as demerits for the organizations. This is due to the reasons that, in the current scenario, inflow of the foreign employees pose both challenges and opportunities for the contemporary business organizations. One of the key demerits is the creation of diversity issues among the employees in the organization. This will emerge due to the reason that, more inflow in the foreign employees in the organization will create the issue with the local employees (Gomes, 2014). Local employees will have the impression that their effectiveness is not being valued by the organization and thus foreign employees are being recruited. Thus the level of motivation and job satisfaction for the local employees will get reduced. Moreover origination of the issues related to diversity in the organization will in turn reduce the organizational productivity and effectiveness. Another demerit of the inflow of the foreign talents will be the lower job opportunities for local talents. As discussed earlier, Singapore is already having the shortage of job opportunities for their local population. Thus, with the inflow in the foreign employees, this issue will get enlarged. Eventually, the issue of unemployment will get increased. In addition, language barrier will get emerged due to the difference in the language of the local and the foreign employees (Giulietti et al., 2013). Thus, the effectiveness of the business communication will get hampered. Apart from the demerits of the inflow of the foreign employees, there are various merits for the organizations. One of the key merits will be increase in the talent pool for the business organizations. With having the access to the foreign employees, business organizations will have the more options of potential candidates to choose from. Moreover, the cost involved in hiring the human resources will also get low with the initiation of the inflow of the foreign employees. This is due to the reason that, selection of the employees from the developing countries will involve less cost due to the low labor cost in those countries. Thus, the cost for the business organizations will get lowered. Impact of inflow of technologies In the present era of globalization, majority of the business organizations are having access to the latest technologies. Moreover, with emergence of the multinational organizations, developing and underdeveloped countries are also having the access of the updated technologies from the developed countries (Brincikoya Darmo, 2014). However, this will have negative implication on the graduate labor market. This is due to the reason that, with the rapid inflow of the latest technologies, it becomes difficult for the employees to cope up with the change and majority of them becomes unproductive with the change. Thus, they lose their competitiveness in the job market along with losing their job. In addition, up gradation of the technologies also lead to the automation of the operational facilities that further reduces the need of the manual labor. Thus, the issue of unemployment will get enhanced. Impact of aging population Aging population will have negative implication on the organization and employee flow. This is due to the reason that, the more aged will be the population, the less will be the availability of the candidates in the working age group (Anderson Hussey, 2017). Thus, the organization will face the challenge of selecting the employees from the right age group. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, issues related to the graduate employees are rapidly increasing in Singapore. This is due to the reason of increase in the graduate employees and creation of less job opportunities. However, one recommended measure that may be beneficial in overcome this issue is providing the potential candidates practical training rather than just providing the theoretical knowledge. This will help the employees to get adjusted with the practical situation effectively. References Anderson, G. F., Hussey, P. S. (2017). Population aging: a comparison among industrialized countries.Health affairs. Ayres, S. (2013). The high cost of youth unemployment.Washington: Center for American Progress. Brincikova, Z., Darmo, L. (2014). The impact of FDI inflow on employment in V4 countries.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,10(7). Giulietti, C., Guzi, M., Kahanec, M., Zimmermann, K. F. (2013). Unemployment benefits and immigration: evidence from the EU.International Journal of Manpower,34(1), 24-38. Gomes, C. (2014). Xenophobia online: Unmasking Singaporean attitudes towards foreign talentmigrants.Asian Ethnicity,15(1), 21-40. Green, F., Henseke, G. (2014). The changing graduate labour market: analysis using a new indication of graduate jobs.LLAKES Research Paper,50. Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance.Journal of Management,39(3), 573-603. LOH, R. (2017).Jobless graduates highest since 2004.AsiaOne. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.asiaone.com/jobless-graduates-highest-2004 Morrison, A. R. (2014). You have to be well spoken: students views on employability within the graduate labour market.Journal of Education and Work,27(2), 179-198. Seow, J. (2017).Labour Market 2015: Job growth hits 17-year low, but real wages up 7%.Ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.in. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.in/2016/01/job-growth-hits-17-year-low-but-real.html Tewell, E. C. (2012). Employment opportunities for new academic librarians: Assessing the availability of entry level jobs.portal: Libraries and the Academy,12(4), 407-423. Verhagen, W. J., Bermell-Garcia, P., van Dijk, R. E., Curran, R. (2012). A critical review of Knowledge-Based Engineering: An identification of research challenges.Advanced Engineering Informatics,26(1), 5-15.

Improvement, Integration and Innovation

The current economic crisis is forcing companies to streamline their operations. It means high unemployment rate and the creation of a negative economic climate. The lack of commitment from investors to pour money into the economy helps explain why a financial crisis is also called a depression.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement, Integration and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is imperative that government and business people must develop strategies to end the economic recession. It is therefore essential for companies to continually think about improvement, integration and innovation. These concepts would enable organisations to counteract the effect of recession. Although it is important to focus on the core issues that plague a company. It is no longer enough to focus on internal problems and develop solutions that are designed to remedy only the challenges faced by the c ompany. In the 21st century it is essential to think globally. A company CEO with limited vision cannot survive in a business climate that is severely affected by outsourcing and price wars as a direct result of competitive forces. Without a doubt the supply chain management strategies have been transformed dramatically in the past few decades. The rapid interconnections brought about by radical changes in telecommunication and transportation technology has increased interconnections between continents. As a result even Third World countries can greatly impact the economic climate of highly industrialised nations. There is now a high level of interdependence never before seen since the advent of the modern era. Companies that were established in the UK, US and Europe can play the outsourcing game. These companies can also build factories in China or. But for companies that do not have the capital required to branch out overseas there is no other course of action except to find a way to improve, integrate and innovate. Continuous Improvement An organisation that has aversion to change will soon find itself irrelevant and obsolete. Consider for instance the companies that sold typewriters, steam engines, beepers, and transistor radios.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was a time when these gadgets were indispensable. There are still companies that still manufacture or sell these equipment but unless they have established a relationship with select group of customers then there is no way that they can make a profit. In the age of computers and the Internet it is safe to say that this planet has become obsessed with technological breakthroughs on a regular basis. There is no sign that this trend can be reversed. It is a new way of doing things; an economic phenomenon that has to be understood by all. According to one commentary: Just when managers thi nk they have developed a strategy for future success, a new technology, process, competitor or customer behavioural pattern emerges. While a sharp focus and â€Å"sticking to the knitting† are sometimes the key to success in more stable conditions, the turbulent knowledge-driven markets of today require dynamic new strategic management approaches and tools (Leibold, Probst, Gibbert, 2005, p. 14). In other words it is crucial to embrace change and to seek ways on how to change the old way of doing things. If managers are afraid to take risks or unwilling to learn new things then their respective businesses will fail because these will become irrelevant in the 21st century. Continues improvement must therefore begin with continuous learning. An organisation must improve on the basis of Information Technology. There must be continuous improvement when it comes to storage and retrieval of information. There must be continuous improvement when it comes to communication. An upgrad e must also be expected from the Human Resources Department. Continuous improvement must also focus on resource allocation. Thus, it is crucial for an organisation to learn more about integration. Integration Integration can be understood as combination and amalgamation. This concept is nothing new. In the Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs learned how to build factories where the layout enables workers to be in close proximity with each other. This feature was helpful when it comes to assembling a particular product. It shortens the communication time and therefore problems can be solved much faster as compared to a layout where work units are located in different parts of the building.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement, Integration and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One good example of integration is a concept called Group Technology or GT. A significant feature of GT is the ability to perform similar activities together and â€Å"would result to avoidance of wasteful actions because there is no need to shift from one unrelated activity to the next† (Hyer Wemmerlov, 1984, p.1). It can also be understood as the efficient storage and retrieval of information with regards to a recurring problem in the workplace and as a result it greatly reduces the time wasted in searching for pertinent information and solving the problem over and over again (Hyer Wemmerlov, 1984, p.1). GT can speed up the process of work and at the same time reduce the cost of production. An application of this principle is the creation of the flexible manufacturing system or FMS. According to business leaders who benefited from using FMS it is a system wherein â€Å"different types of raw parts enter the system at discrete points of time and are executed simultaneously, sharing a limited number of resources, such as robot, AGVs, machine tools, and buffers †¦ it can also be computer controlled configuration where different operations can be processed† (Apolloni, 2007, p.656). Managers needed to improve on the weakness of traditional assembly-line method of manufacturing and hence the emergence of GT and FMS. The significance of GT and FMS can be greatly appreciated in the context of complicated manufacturing processes. Managers should analyze the supply chain management aspect of the operation and determine related activities. For example a cellular type of layout can be implemented wherein similar machine-types are placed in proximity to one another and therefore reduce throughput time. An application of FMS on the other hand is the investment in a computer system that provides central control of all the manufacturing activities of the factory. The said computer system can also provide an information database that workers can access without having to contact different personnel for different types of data. In this particular system improvement the flow o f communication has been streamlined. Importance of Innovation Innovation is the key to sustainable growth because every product is prone to obsolescence. A sleek and much improved iPhone of this generation will be viewed as a useless piece of junk 50 years from now. Innovation can spell the difference between bankruptcy and continuous growth. Companies that are unwilling to invest in innovation cannot expect to remain relevant for long. Most of the time corporate leaders in these organisations are not aware that their company are no longer competitive. Sony’s Walkman comes to mind when it comes to the topic of obsolescence. Sony’s amazing colour TV sets of the 1980s and 1990s have to give way to flat screen TVs with LED technology. It was easy for Sony’s previous CEOs to rest on their laurels. It is a challenge to always consider continuous improvement that would lead to innovation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After all, the company was reaping huge dividends from these products. But sooner than expected upstart companies are able to develop new products that revolutionised the way people use music and video. The history of business is filled with great companies that used to be influential and profitable but left no trace of their former glory. Today, it is a matter of life and death to incorporate innovation strategies into the corporate mindset and according to experts in this field, â€Å"Put very simply, innovation is a survival imperative† (Seebode Harkin, 2009, p.1). The present success of the company cannot be relied upon to produce future success. A breakthrough product today can easily be copied in a few months or years and soon thereafter the novelty of the product wears off. The present value of the company is also not a security against future challenges especially when confronted with a competitor with better products and services. Thus, managers must realise that ev en if there is enough assets to build structures and hire people, the true asset of the company is in the knowledge on how to deal with the future. It is therefore unwise to play defence all the time and have the mindset of protecting the assets of the company. It is also imperative to invest in the creation of innovative products and services. However, managers must not only be armed with the motivation to succeed but also the needed skills on how to coach employees to work together to develop something significant in order to catapult the organisation to the next level. Nevertheless, the path towards innovation is paved with great intentions but littered with poorly designed products. All business leaders would love to have the benefits of innovation but if they are not willing to pay the price then innovation is impossible. There is a steep price to pay for change. The first thing that has to be done is to develop the correct mindset that in turn would force the managers to take the road less travelled. The next major step towards innovation is the need for a courageous and visionary leader able to enforce a culture of innovation within the company (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). It is also important not to look the impact of an appropriate organisation design, because without it, creativity, learning, and interaction will never happen and these are key ingredients to innovation (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). In addition, corporate leaders and business managers must be able to identify key personnel that can be resource persons or delegate authorities who can rally a team to generate ideas and implement the same (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). Furthermore, the work done towards innovation must not be sporadic, it must be continuous. This mindset can only be achieved if there is an appropriate climate that will support this kind of behaviour (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). Finally, the group must not only focus on the needs of the organisation but more importantly the needs of the customers. If a manager will incorporate all the strategic management principles discussed earlier regarding the need for continuous improvement, integration and innovation, the end result is a system called Concurrent Engineering. In a traditional manufacturing scheme, managers adopt an assembly line approach where the designers are the first to make the first move then they pass on what they have completed to the manufacturing engineers. Designers create a prototype and when it is approved the factory mass-produces the product. The marketing people are then tasked to sell the said product. It is a serial development process wherein â€Å"†¦people from different departments work one after the other on successive phases of development† (Stark, 1998). The finished product reaches the target market and in many instances the product is returned for defects or the product is judge to be of poor design even before it comes out of the factory. In other words i t takes a long time before managers and designers are aware of the problem. Concurrent engineering enables business leaders to see a prototype at the earliest possible date and the designers are able to receive the needed feedback without delay. The customers are not the only people that can spot potential problems. Designers from other departments can provide feedback. Members of the marketing department can inform the designers that there is a problem when it comes to the overall design. Other stakeholders can identify problematic issues when it comes to storage, packaging etc. Therefore, a full production cycle is not wasted from design, to prototype, manufacturing and marketing. Conclusion Companies can react in two different ways when it comes to an economic recession. Business leaders can outsource or build factories where labour is cheap. But for those who cannot afford to move their operations overseas and find it impractical to outsource, then there is no other option but t o adapt continuous improvement strategies that would result in higher levels of integration. In order to succeed in a globalised economy it is also imperative not only to seek improvement and integration, it is also crucial to produce innovative products and services. Combining all of these principles a workable model can be produced such as Concurrent Engineering. References Apolloni, B. (2007). Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering  Systems. UK: Springer. Hyer, N. U. Wemmberlov. (1984). Group Technology and Productivity. Web. Leibold, M., Probst, G. Gibbert, M. (2005). Strategic Management in the  Knowledge Economy: New Approaches and Business Applications. New York: Publicis Corporate Publishing. Seebode, D. G. Harkin. (2009). Radical Innovations at Philips Lighting. Web. Stark, J. (1998). A few words about Concurrent Engineering. Web. Tidd, J. J. Bessant. (2009). Managing Innovation, Integrating Technological,  Market Organizational. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. This essay on Improvement, Integration and Innovation was written and submitted by user Caitlyn N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements The WritePass Journal

Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements INTRODUCTION Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements INTRODUCTIONTHE MAIN PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH REVENUE RECOGNITIONVIEWS TAKEN BY THE TWO BOARDSREASONED CRITIQUE OF THEIR THINKINGCONCLUSION Related INTRODUCTION Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements, particularly investors. It is vital that revenues are properly recognized when preparing income statements to give a fair view of profitability of the associated company/firm. Thus investors are not misled while making decisions and undertaking risks involved with the concerned company. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) joint project tries to remedy such problems, by eliminating inconsistencies and developing coherent conceptual guidance for revenue recognition. Both boards consist of professional accountants that aim to develop high quality/understandable accounting standards and principles to ensure a more accurate and consistent reporting. The IASB deals with the development, promotion and application of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The FASB develops generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the interest of the public. Moving on, the main concerns of this report are problems involved in revenue recognition, views taken by the two boards and a reasoned thinking of their critique. THE MAIN PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH REVENUE RECOGNITION When it comes to revenue recognition transactions that begin and are completed in the same time period, cause considerably few problems. Real obstacles arise when customers prefer paying later on than when receiving the product or in cases where supplier might provide the promised good over several reporting periods. This earning process approach has led to problems for financial statements’ users and problems with GAAP and IFRSs. Building on the earnings approach, too many standards evolving revenue recognition has been formed by GAAP. The application of some of those standards by entities can produce inconsistencies for economically similar purposes. This can be a result of lacking a clearly identified earning process as well as people’s disagreements on how it applies in certain occasions. For instance think of a service provider that requires customers to pay an upfront fee plus monthly charges. In accordance with the SEC SAB 104, the provider does not account for the service as a separate earnings process and therefore does not recognize revenue for activation fees when the activation services are rendered. The fact that entities apply different earning process approaches to economically similar transactions reduces the comparability of revenue across entities and industries. In addition by applying revenue recognition standards designed by IFRS one can clearly observe that amounts in the financial statements might not correctly correspond to real economic phenomena. The underlying skepticism of this assumption is that revenue recognition of a product/service sale largely depends on when the rewards as well as risks associated with them are transferred from the owner to the client. Considering the IAS 18, circumstances can get even worse when goods and services are interrelated with the good transaction thus the entity views the transaction as a whole. Such circumstances involve recognizing all the revenue on the delivery of the good before the entity has fulfilled all of its obligations for the services like warranty. As a result revenue does not represent the delivery of all goods and services as stated in the contract. Additionally, IFRS lacks guidance on transactions involving delivery of more than one good or service also known as multiple element arrangement. IAS 18 does not clearly state whether an entity should recognize all the revenue for a multiple element arrangement by the time the first element is distributed or until the last element is distributed. IFRS also lacks guidance on how to measure the elements in a multiple element arrangement. According to IFRS another problem is created with revenue recognition because of the application of different approaches by entities when accounting for goods and services. Without any clear division between goods and services some entities undertaking service contracts were recognizing revenue throughout the service process. Some others though contracting for goods tended to recognize revenue by the time that risks and rewards related to the product were transferred to customer. Such gaps in guidance could be eliminated with the existence of clear principles; but principles of IAS 11 and IAS 18 are inconsistent. The first principle implies that revenue should be recognized while the activity of the contract still takes place and the customer does not have the risks and rewards of owning the product. On the contrary IAS 18 principle states that revenue should be recognized when the customer controls and undertakes risks and rewards of the ownership of the product. VIEWS TAKEN BY THE TWO BOARDS According to the board’s last meeting IASB and FASB discussed about 6 major topics involving revenue recognition. The first one involves identification of separate performance obligations. Under this topic the boards have decided that an entity should account for a collection of goods and services as one performance obligation in cases where the entity provides a service combining both goods and services into a single item. Conversely an entity should account for goods and services as different performance obligations when: the good or service is sold apart or when the client can use a good/service individually or with existing resources available to the customer and when the pattern of transferring the good or service is diverse from the pattern of transferring other goods and services in the contract. The second one is about combining contracts. The boards decided that two or more contracts that are placed at closely related times with the same customers can be merged and accounted as one when contracts are offered as a package, when the amount of consideration of a contract depends on the other and when the design, technology and function of goods and services are interconnected. The next topic involves contract modifications. The boards concluded that if a contract is modified in such a way that it results to a separate performance obligation with a price matching the obligation, the entity should regard the contract as a separate one. Otherwise, the performance obligation should be reconsidered and the transaction price of each separate performance obligation should be reallocated. Moving on the next topic engages the breakage and prepayments of future goods and services. The boards decided that where it would be reasonable for the entity to estimate the amount of expected breakage, the effects should be recognized as revenue along with the rights exercised by the customer. Another discussed topic is burdensome performance obligations. The boards decided that in order to find out whether the performance obligations are heavy there should be a test, the onerous test which will be defined by the remaining obligations of the contract. Finally the last topic includes revenue recognition for services. The Boards concluded that in order to recognize the revenue of a service the entity must go through two steps; first it must determine that a performance obligation is assured continuously and secondly it must then choose a method of measuring progress in order to completely satisfy that performance obligation. The Boards have furthered their discussions into issues which arise when an entity uses an input method for the measurement progress to complete satisfaction of a performance obligation. The entity, in some instances will only obtain goods which are transferred at another time from related services. In such cases, the Boards decided that the entity should measure the progress for the transfer of such goods should be equal to the costs of the transferred goods. REASONED CRITIQUE OF THEIR THINKING The technical director of Shumate Mechanical, LLC strongly supports that segmented performance obligation approach will increase costs and result in unclear accounting information. This is due to changes of revenue from period to period, violation of costs and revenue matching principles, lack of clear information making it difficult to understand performance to total product and uninformed transfer of revenue to performance obligations. The application of this model of revenue recognition according to the construction industry will lead to more inconsistencies, unreliable financial information as well as difficulties in their preparation. Furthermore under the agreement where a service provider transfers services to a customer, the proposed standard revenue is recognized by the time services are provided, depending on the provider’s estimation on progress of the performance obligation. Thus revenue cost is recognized as it occurs. David P.Bohn, partner of LARSON, LUDWIG and STROKES LLP, correctly mentions that the proposed standard does not set any requirements that the recognized percentage of total revenue matches the recognized percentage of total cost of revenue, which some service providers would prefer to maintain. Recognizing different percentages of revenue would lead to misrepresentation of gross margin. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu finds the principle of combining two or more contracts really useful. But some concerns still exist according to the guidance around price interdependence which seems confusing. As mentioned in FASB and IASB’s exposure draft an entity should combine two or more contracts if the price of goods and services bought in a contract is dependent on the price of goods and services of another contract. Moving on it also states that in cases where a customer can benefit from discount on goods and services due to existing customer relationship mostly arrived from other purchases, then the price of the contract is not said to be interrelated with the price of another contract. These two paragraphs seem to contradict to each other. Therefore entities with similar types of revenue streams will arise. PricewaterhouseCoopers agree with board’s proposal that an entity should identify performance obligations differently in case that goods and services are distinctive. But they mention that it requires judgment and may be difficult to determine. Incomplete guidance is also given on identifying different performance obligations. Moreover they report that the boards omit distinct profit margin. Finally based on the exposure draft all performance obligations are identified first and separated into distinct performance obligations at a later stage making it difficult to reflect the economics of transactions. CONCLUSION Revenue recognition is a great issue and one can say that it might be unsolved. Because of many inconsistencies associated with it, FASB and IASB together have tried through their joint project to eliminate such inconsistencies. All the users of this standard have now come to criticize some of its principles even though they might be satisfied with the majority of other principles stated. There are still others that continue to believe that a lot of inconsistencies and omissions still exist. Some believe if the existing work done by the boards is furthered developed and modified through the publication of a comprehensive standard on revenue recognition, a clear and robust standard on revenue recognition can be formed.

Guillermo Furniture Store Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guillermo Furniture Store Recommendation - Essay Example High tech solution is already a part of the production process of Guillermo competitor. This technology has high level of automation that reduces the labor requirement from production process and even from movement of products across assembly line. High tech solution also has computer controlled laser lathe that gives exactly the required cut on the product, thus reducing wastage. JUSTIFICATION FOR RECOMMENDATIONÂ   Cost Benefit Adoption of high tech solution would benefit Guillermo in many areas. First, Guillermo would be able to reduce price of its products. Reduction in price is the most effective tool in meeting competition. Investment in this high tech solution will increase its production by considerable size of almost 50 percent in the first year to enhance its capacity of meeting market demand and compete with foreign competitor with increase in its supply at reduced cost and prices.. Increase in production would spread the cost over greater number of units. The overall labo r cost of the business would increase as labor with high technical skills will be required. However, the production time or labor time for both mid grade and high end products will decline from 20 to 4 units for mid grade and 30 to 4 units for high end products. This decrease in per unit means that almost 5 additional units of high end product (4 X 5 = 20) and 7 additional units of mid grade (4 X 7 = 28) can be produced in time that would have required preparing single unit of both categories under current production process. With adaptation of new technology, the firm will be able to make gross profit of $.891, 543 as compared to $.265, and 282 with current process. Increased Net Profit Adoption of high tech process would increase overhead cost from $222,705 to $. 696,979. This increase in overhead cost is due to increase in cost of salaries, insurance, property tax and depreciation. However, even with accelerated increase in overhead, firm will be able to make net profit (before t axes) of $.195, 564 from $.42, 577. This is the most attractive benefit that Guillermo is expected to gain from changing its business model to high tech solution. Investment Appraisal Technique With these benefits, high tech solution for business is highly capital intensive. Guillermo would require considerable amount to finance this new tech solution for its business. Guillermo Balance sheet for 2010 and 2011 provides information regarding its financial position. Among two modes of financing which are debt and equity, it is suggested that Guillermo shall opt for equity mode of financing. WACC for 2010 and 2011 has been 5.54% and 5.57% respectively with debt contributing 84.3% and 82.4% respectively for two years. Hence, the share of equity is only 15.7% and 17.5% for two years in line. In case, Guillermo adopts debt mode of financing it will then further increase the debt component of WACC which is already too high. WACC is the weighted average cost of capital and it shows the aver age capital cost of the company (Brigham, & Houston, 2004). Hence, it shall raise funds through equity. Cost of capital reduces if the company has too much debt in its capital structure and then it reduces its debt by increasing the equity (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). Therefore

Knowledge Management Enablers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Knowledge Management Enablers - Article Example This cost them their exile out of the Garden of Eden and onto a life of suffering. Such is the value of knowledge that in its pursuit, it wields its power to drive people to do things unexpected of them. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) make the distinction between two types of knowledge: explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Discussions of this concept are abundant in the KM literature (Bollinger and Smith, 2001). Explicit knowledge is defined as structured and codified knowledge. It is formal and systematic and is easily expressed in the production specifications, scientific formulae or computer programs (Nonaka and Konno, 1998), thus it can be easily communicated and shared. Tacit knowledge, in contrast, is unconsciously understood and applied, difficult to articulate, and developed directly from experience, and action (Zack, 1999). Tacit knowledge is highly personal, hard to formalize, difficult to communicate or share with others. The adage that â€Å"Knowledge is Power† has been adhered to by many people as a rule of strategy in achieving personal or professional empowerment and advantage, or as a protective measure against the uncertainties and unstable conditions of life’s situations. ... It is as arbitrary and shallow as its premises imply. So, like money and time, knowledge needs to be managed well so it is used for the best outcomes. Knowledge management has been getting much attention due to its accorded importance in organizations. O’Dell and Grayson (1998) defines it as â€Å"a conscious strategy of getting the right knowledge to the right people at the right time and helping people share and put information into action in ways that strive to improve organizational performance† (p.6) In addition, Nakra (2000) contends, â€Å"Knowledge management refers to the ability to develop, share, deposit, extract, and deliver knowledge such that it may be retrieved and used to make decisions or to support the processes† (p. 54). Magnier-Watanabe and Senoo (2008) defines it as â€Å"the process for acquiring, storing/sharing, diffusing and implementing both tacit and explicit knowledge inside and outside the organization’s boundaries with the pu rpose of achieving corporate objectives in the most efficient manner† (cited in Magnier-Watanabe & Senoo, 2010, p. 216). It should be noted that the common characteristics of knowledge management in the definitions is that it is something that is movable from one person to another for the purpose of achieving organizational goals. However, it is not as simple as it seems as there are several considerations in order for knowledge management to be successful in working for the whole organization and not just for a few individuals. Dissecting Magnier-Watanabe & Senoo’s definition further, the processes involved in knowledge management are likewise described. Knowledge acquisition is gaining new knowledge from whatever source and although knowledge already

Law Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law Questions - Assignment Example Law Questions On realization that Fred had a criminal record, the police officers should obtain a search warrant to search Fred’s room and before Fred is charged with possession of cocaine. The rule of law demands that plausible cause exists if the circumstances and facts of the case would cause a person to believe and consider that a felony had been committed or was going to be committed. Yes, the drugs are admissible in Court against Mike because the report evaluation of the controlled substances such as Marijuana that was found in Mike house is admissible in the court because it acts as a prima facie evidence of the quantity, nature, and identity of the issue evaluated. In this case, the police officers do not require the utilization of laboratory tests or reports because Mike and Larry were found in possession of the drugs. Admissibility will also apply to Larry because he was found in possession of Marijuana in his trunk. The police officers had the right to search Mike’s house since they had a valid search warrant. Police officers were investigating a car crime had particular details regarding the car that had committed the crime. When the details matched with the defendant’s behaviors, police discovered the car had similar characteristics as the one they had. The police had the right to use the information they had and match it with what they saw. The police officers need to use the totality of circumstances method to get a credible or probable cause.

A Report On Shirdi Tourism Essay

A Report On Shirdi Tourism Essay Shirdi Shirdi is a small town located in the Ahmednagar district in the western Indian state of Maharashta and is a religious destination of universal appeal Shirdi is perhaps one of those revered destinations that attracts devouts across all religions. Significance Unlike other holy cities in India that can trace their origins to thousands of years back, some cities were known places of religious importance as early as the pre Christian era, Shirdis rise to reverence and as a religious destination is quite recent. Shirdi has been home to Shri Sai Baba, one of Indias most revered saints. It is believed that Shri Sai Baba lived and gained spiritual awakening in Shirdi. Some devotees believe that he was an incarnation of Lord Shiva or Lord Dattatreya. His teachings combined the religious teachings of Hinduism and Islam and thousands of devouts converge on Shirdi each year to seek his blessings. Attractions The Sai Baba Temple: The Sai Baba temple is the principal attraction in Shirdi and is thronged by thousands of devotees each year, irrespective of religion, caste and creed. The temple, built to commemorate Sai Baba, is built at the spot where Sai Baba is said to have taken his Samadhi. The temple is professionally managed by the Shri Sai Baba Sansthan and devotees can offer puja services throughout the day and can also see the aarti ritual which happens five times every day. The most calming and spiritually awakening ritual is the Kakad Aarti that happens every morning with the opening of the temple. The penultimate aarti ritual is called the Shej Aarti and signals the end of the day. The temple remains open overnight only on Gurupoornima, Dassera and Ramnavami. The temple also has a massive hall that cam accommodate around 600 visitors. Within the mandir one can also find a personal museum of Sai Baba that showcases the things that Sai Baba used in his lifetime. Samadhi Mandir: This is another, smaller shrine that marks the exact spot of Sai Babas Samadhi that is built with while marble. The Samadhi is enclosed with decorated marble railings and is watched over by a statue of Sai Baba carved from white Italian marble. Dwarkamai: History records that Sai Baba left Shirdi for some years but eventually returned to Shirdi with a marriage procession and stayed at Dwarkamai, a mosque situated on the right of the entrance to the Samadhi mandir. The main attraction of Dwarkamai is the oil painting of Sai Baba sitting in a carved wooden shrine. How to Reach Shirdi is well connected by rail and road to the rest of India. The nearest airport is at Nasik, 75 km away. Shirdi is also slated to have its own airport by 2012. Shirdi also has a rail station and is connected by rail to other cities in India. A dedicated train service is available from Mumbai. Shirdi, given its religious importance, is also well connected by road with the other cities in India.

My First Love Essay -- essays papers

My First Love When I was ten years old, I fell in love. It was more romantic and emotionally uplifting than any other experience I had ever been through. The object of my affection reciprocated that love instantly, and since that day, we have never fought, never been apart, and never been unfaithful. It started one brilliant October day. The bright New England foliage fell like large, fluttery raindrops as I coasted down the road that lead to the elementary school, and the gravel crunched beneath my bike tires as I rounded the corners. I sighed. Today had been just another day at school for me. Another day with the rest of the country-grown kids who lived in the hills of this straight-laced town. Another day in which I said hello to everyone I saw, calling them by name. Just another normal day with normal events. Except for the fact that this was the day that the cast list for Bakersfield Elementary School's production of "Oliver Twist" had been posted. Big deal. I had auditioned, but mainly because Cathy, a good friend of mine, had no one to audition with, and had whined so much, I did it to make her shut up. It was the most dull and uneventful process I had been through since my last doctor's checkup. The audition process consisted of the 2 directors (who actually were the school's music teacher and the secretary) saying the following: "Read these lines." "Okay, now read these ones." "Try that again, please." "Right, now sing this... And this." Then they muttered for a bit amongst themselves, and then said, "okay, then, thanks for auditioning!" Cathy had obsessed and worked herself into such a frenzy by the end of the day that the list was going to be posted. She was worried about if she was going to be cast or not. Her incessant fidgeting and one-way conversation irritated me so much, I had headed home early, not even stopping to see if I was in the play or not. I know that it's bad when you avoid friends, but I think maybe I was just in a bad mood or something. I now found myself riding back to school, compelled to see if I had actually gotten a part. As I walked into the school, I saw a small group of kids loitering around a piece of paper by the door that led to the gymnasium. This was it. I stepped toward it, muttering "excuse me to a pair of burly eighth-grade girls who looked quite disgusted. I scanned do... ...lfway across the gymnasium, which had been completely rearranged and decorated in black for this play. I walked up the three steps to the stage. I turned to face the audience. And I saw them. The whole town, sitting there, watching me. I swear a sweat drop rolled down my jaw line, and all of the lines that I had worked so hard to remember flew right out the window. I didn't know what to say. It was if the weight of the world had been placed squarely on my head. In that split second that I lost all of my composure, just as fast, I regained it. I shook it off. The lines came flooding back, and I resumed my character. I threw my whole heart and soul into my performance. Adrenaline was rushing through my blood, and I acted better than I had ever had in rehearsal. I even earned quite a few laughs for the "kiss" with Mr. Bumble. The curtain call came, and as I stood onstage with the rest of the cast, I smiled on the inside as well as on the outside, and I felt as though I would burst with the feelings that were bouncing around in my head. I was happier than I had ever been in my whole life (at least that I could remember). When I was ten years old, I fell in love with Theatre.